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Yaakov de Castro
Yaakov de Castro (), alternative spelling: Yaakov Costaro (1525–1610), was a rabbinic scholar, judge and exponent of Jewish law in Cairo, Egypt. A descendant of Jews who fled Portugal during the time of the Portuguese Inquisition, his family eventully came to settle in Egypt. A student of the illustrious ''Radbaz'' (Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra), he is considered the last Chief Rabbi of Egypt to hold sway over the entire Jewish community in Egypt, mostly Musta'arabi Jews, after the abolishment of the office of nagid, and whose halachic rulings were wide-spread across the land. He was a nephew (not a son, as had been believed) of the master of the mint for the Ottoman Sultan in Cairo, Abraham de Castro.
==Biography==
In his youth, he studied under the tutelage of Rabbi Levi ibn Habib in Jerusalem. Later, in Egypt, Rabbi Yaakov de Castro served as a judge in the rabbinic court of Cairo, known as ''Old Egypt''. In 1570, he visited Safed in the land of Israel, where he was the honored guest in the home of Rabbi Joseph Karo, who held him in great esteem.〔''Encyclopedia of Great Men in Israel'' (ed. Mordechai Margalioth), vol. 3, Jerusalem 1948, p. 881 (Hebrew)〕 He describes this visit by saying that he saw Rabbi Joseph Karo practise in accordance with the first opinion that he brings down in one of the topics addressed in his seminal work, the ''Shulhan Arukh''. 〔''`Erekh Leḥem'', Oraḥ Ḥayyim, ''responsum'' # 167〕
The author of ''Korei ha-Dorot'' mentions that during Rabbi Yaakov de Castro’s visit to Safed he died there.〔David Ashkenazi Konforti, ''Korei ha-Dorot'', Berlin 1845, pp. 41a-b 〕 The author of ''Ṭov Miṣrayyim'', however, refutes this claim, saying that Rabbi de Castro returned to Egypt and there died, citing evidence from his own writings (Responsa) where Rabbi de Castro describes his encounter with Rabbi Joseph Karo, author of the ''Shulhan Arukh'', while in Safed, and that he had composed a second book (a commentary on the ''Shulhan Arukh'') after he had completed his Responsa, and that both books were written in Egypt.〔Raphael Aharon Ben Shimon, ''Ṭov Miṣrayyim'', Jerusalem 1908, (letter “yod”), s.v. מהר"ר יעקב קשטרו, pp.19b–20a (Hebrew).〕 Rabbi Chaim Joseph David Azulai, in his work ''Shem ha-Gedolim'', takes the same position, citing the grandson of Rabbi de Castro who claims that the Rabbi died in Egypt in ()370 anno mundi (1610 CE), and that his signature was appended to a court document as late as 1606.〔Chaim Yosef David Azulai, ''Shem ha-Gedolim'' (part ii), letter ''yod'', section 122, Livorno 1786, p. 46b.〕
His published works include a compendium of Questions & Responsa entitled ''Ohalei Yaakov'',〔Livorno〕 and a commentary on the Shulhan Arukh entitled ''`Erekh Leḥem''. 〔Jacob ben Abraham Castro, ''Erekh lehem'', Istanbul 1718 (Hebrew).〕 He also wrote a commentary on the Tractate ''Betzah'' (Yom Ṭov), which was published post-mortem under the name ''Toldot Yaakov'' (Jerusalem 1865), a book entitled "Hilkot Nazirut", and a number of similar writings on Talmudic subjects, published by Jacob Hagis in his "Halakot Ketanot", Venice, 1704, as well as other manuscripts which were either unpublished or are no longer extant.〔Raphael Aharon Ben Shimon, ''Ṭov Miṣrayyim'', Jerusalem 1908, (letter “yod”), s.v. מהר"ר יעקב קשטרו, p.19b (Hebrew).〕 Some of the questions addressed to the Rabbi came from Jewish communities in distant places, such as Yemen,〔See, for example, Yaakov Castro, ''Ohalei Yaakov'', ''responsum'' # 121, Livorno 1783 (Hebrew). The ''responsum'' concerns a bill of sale for the lands of a vineyard, but held in abeyance until after the picking season, and where the buyer came along during that growing season and picked grapes for making wine when the vineyard had not yet been fully vested unto him. A question arose whether or not there was, in this case, the vestiges of usury, for which Rabbi Castro was asked to give an opinion.〕 and Thessaloniki. Rabbi Castro's Responsa are a primary source for knowledge of the Jewish community in Egypt during those years.
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